Stair
Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. This was especially true for mobile activities, or for new settlements. Caisleán Elmina, the first dún sclábhaíochta in Iarthar na hAfraice, was also the first European prefabricated building in An Afraic fho-Shahárach.1: 93 In Meiriceá Thuaidh, in 1624 ceann de na chéad fhoirgnimh at Rinn Ann was probably partially prefabricated, and was rapidly disassembled and moved at least once. Seán Rollo described in 1801 earlier use of portable hospital buildings in the Na hIndiacha Thiar.2 Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the "Manning cottage". A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia.3 One such is the Teach Cruinnithe Cairde, Adelaide.45 The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from Learpholl, Boston and Singeapór (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly).6 In Barbadós the Teach airnéise was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as airnéis.7
In 1855 during the Cogadh na Criméaigh, after Florence Nightingale wrote a letter to An tÉirí Amach, Ríocht Isambard Brunel was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. In five months he designed the Ospidéal Renkioi: ospidéal othar 1,000, le nuálaíochtaí i sláintíocht, aeráil agus leithreas sruthlaithe.8 Fabricator Uilliam Easaidh constructed the required 16 units in Dugaí Gloucester, shipped directly to the Dardanelles. Níor úsáideadh é ach ó Mhárta 1856 go Meán Fómhair 1857, laghdaigh sé an ráta báis ó 42 faoin gcéad go 3.5 faoin gcéad.
The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in Learpholl. A process was invented by city engineer Seán Alexander Brodie, whose inventive genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in Learpholl followed in 1906. The idea was not extensively adopted in Britain, however was widely adopted elsewhere, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Prefabricated homes were produced during the Rush Óir in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908.9
Prefabricated housing was popular during the Dara Cogadh Domhanda due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. The United States used Botháin Quonset as military buildings, and in the United Kingdom prefabricated buildings used included botháin Nissen and Hangars Bellman. 'Prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during an Blitz. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the Coiste Burt and the Acht na dTithe (Cóiríocht Shealadach), 1944. Under the Aireacht na nOibreacha Monarcha Éigeandála Déanta housing programme, a specification was drawn up and bid on by various private construction and manufacturing companies. After approval by the MoW, companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing imréiteach slumaí.10 Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britain11 was at Belle Vale (South Liverpool), where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The estate was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy as the prefabs were very popular with residents at the time.
Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many Britons at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not feistithe in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included steel, aluminium, timber or aispeist, depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium Cineál B2 prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country.12
The Universal House (pictured left lounge diner right) was given to the Músaem Aer Oscailte Chiltern after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.
The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returning home. Réamhdhéanta classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the borradh leanbh of the 1950s and 1960s.
Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of Bristol still had residents living in 700 examples.13 Many UK councils have been in the process of demolishing the last surviving examples of Second World War prefabs in order to comply with the British government's Caighdeán Tithe Maith, which came into effect in 2010. There has, however, been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom's current housing shortage.lua ag teastáil
Réamhdhéanta agus an ghluaiseacht nua-aoiseach
Tá ailtirí ag ionchorprú dearaí nua-aimseartha i dtithe réamhdhéanta an lae inniu. Níor cheart tithíocht réamhdhéanta a chur i gcomparáid le teach soghluaiste ó thaobh cuma de, ach le dearadh casta nua-aimseartha.14 There has also been an increase in the use of "green" materials in the construction of these prefab houses. Consumers can easily select between different environmentally friendly finishes and wall systems. Since these homes are built in parts, it is easy for a home owner to add additional rooms or even solar panels to the roofs. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client's specific location and climate, making prefab homes much more flexible and modern than before.
There is a zeitgeist or treocht in architectural circles and the spirit of the age favors the small lorg carbóin of "prefab".
Éifeachtúlacht
The process of building pre-fabricated buildings has become so efficient in China that a builder in Changsha built a ten-stór building in 28 hours and 45 minutes.15 16
I dtíortha cumannacha
Many eastern European countries had suffered physical damage during Dara Cogadh Domhanda and their economies were in a very poor state. There was a need to reconstruct cities which had been severely damaged due to the war. For example, Vársá had been practically razed to the ground under the planned destruction of Warsaw by German forces after the 1944 Éirí Amach Vársá. The centre of Dresden, an Ghearmáin, scriosta go hiomlán ag buamáil na gComhghuaillithe 1945. Bhí Stalingrad scriosta den chuid is mó agus níor fágadh ach líon beag struchtúr ina sheasamh.
Prefabricated buildings served as an inexpensive and quick way to alleviate the massive housing shortages associated with the wartime destruction and large-scale uirbiú and eitilt tuaithe.
Foirgnimh tráchtála réamhdhéanta
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McDonald's uses prefabricated structures for their buildings, and set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works).17
In the UK, the major supermarkets have each developed a modular unit system to shop building, based on the systems developed by German cost retailer Aldi and the Danish supermarket chain Netto.18